Protocol II is groundbreaking as the first legal instrument devoted solely to the regulation of non-international armed conflicts. These are first, the conduct by combatants of hostilities, and secondly, the protection of the civilian population against the harmful effects of hostilities. Protocol I addresses two areas of human suffering resulting from armed conflict that had been neglected in treaty law since the adoption of the Hague Conventions of 1907. The 1977 Protocols at the time of their adoption were particularly important international instruments. As of October 2020, it is binding on 78 States. Additional Protocol III relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem (hereinafter “the 2005 Protocol”) was adopted by States in 2005 and entered into force on 14 January 2007. Together these instruments are the best known of the treaty documents and are the major components of what is today referred to as International Humanitarian Law (hereinafter “IHL”). The Protocols develop and supplement the four 1949 Geneva Conventions and are only open to those States that are also party to these Conventions. Protocol II applies to non-international armed conflicts and as of October 2020 has 169 State parties. Protocol I regulates conflicts of an international nature and as of October 2020 is binding on 174 States. Both Protocol I and II (hereinafter “the 1977 Protocols”) were adopted by States on 8 June 1977 and entered into force on 7 December 1978. There are three Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, two of which were adopted in 1977 and the third in 2005.
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